Development of 3D printed electrospun vascular graft loaded with tetramethylpyrazine for reducing thrombosis and restraining aneurysmal dilatation.

Background: Small-diameter vascular grafts have become the focus of attention in tissue engineering. Thrombosis and aneurysmal dilatation are the two major complications of the loss of vascular access after surgery. Therefore, we focused on fabricating 3D printed electrospun vascular grafts loaded with tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) to overcome these limitations. Methods: Based on electrospinning and 3D printing, 3D-printed electrospun vascular grafts loaded with TMP were fabricated. The inner layer of the graft was composed of electrospun poly(L-lactic-co-caprolactone) (PLCL) nanofibers and the outer layer consisted of 3D printed polycaprolactone (PCL) microfibers. The characterization and mechanical properties were tested. The blood compatibility and in vitro cytocompatibility of the grafts were also evaluated. Additionally, rat abdominal aortas were replaced with these 3D-printed electrospun grafts to evaluate their biosafety. Results: Mechanical tests demonstrated that the addition of PCL microfibers could improve the mechanical properties. In vitro experimental data proved that the introduction of TMP effectively inhibited platelet adhesion. Afterwards, rat abdominal aorta was replaced with 3D-printed electrospun grafts. The 3D-printed electrospun graft loaded with TMP showed good biocompatibility and mechanical strength within 6 months and maintained substantial patency without the occurrence of acute thrombosis. Moreover, no obvious aneurysmal dilatation was observed. Conclusions: The study demonstrated that 3D-printed electrospun vascular grafts loaded with TMP may have the potential for injured vascular healing.

Magnetic nanoparticle-mediated enrichment technology combined with microfluidic single cell separation technology: A technology for efficient separation and degradation of functional bacteria in single cell liquid phase.

Although there are many microorganisms in nature, the limitations of isolation and cultivation conditions have restricted the development of artificial enhanced remediation technology using functional microbial communities. In this study, an integrated technology of Magnetic Nanoparticle-mediated Enrichment (MME) and Microfluidic Single Cell separation (MSC) that breaks through the bottleneck of traditional separation and cultivation techniques and can efficiently obtain more in situ functional microorganisms from the environment was developed. MME technology was first used to enrich rapidly growing active bacteria in the environment. Subsequently, MSC technology was applied to isolate and incubate functional bacterial communities in situ and validate the degradation ability of individual bacteria. As a result, this study has changed the order of traditional pure culture methods, which are first selected and then cultured, and provided a new method for obtaining non-culturable functional microorganisms.

Hepatic Klf10-Fh1 axis promotes exercise-mediated amelioration of NASH in mice.

Exercise is an effective non-pharmacological strategy for the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), but the underlying mechanism needs further investigation. Kruppel-like factor 10 (Klf10) is a transcriptional factor that is expressed in multiple tissues including liver, whose role in NASH is not well defined. In our study, exercise induces hepatic Klf10 expression through the cAMP/PKA/CREB pathway. Hepatocyte-specific knockout of Klf10 (Klf10LKO) increases lipid accumulation, cell death, inflammation and fibrosis in NASH diet-fed mice and reduces the protective effects of treadmill exercise against NASH, while hepatocyte-specific overexpression of Klf10 (Klf10LTG) works in concert with exercise to reduce NASH in mice. Mechanistically, Klf10 promotes the expression of fumarate hydratase 1 (Fh1), thereby reducing fumarate accumulation in hepatocytes. This decreases the trimethyl (me3) levels of histone 3 lysine 4 (H3K4me3) on lipogenic genes promoters to attenuate lipogenesis, thus ameliorating free fatty acids (FFAs)-induced hepatocytes steatosis, apoptosis, insulin resistance and blunting dysfunctional hepatocytes-mediated activation of macrophages and hepatic stellate cells. Therefore, by regulating the Fh1/fumarate/H3K4me3 pathway, Klf10 acts as a downstream effector of exercise to combat NASH.

Swift Covalent Gelation Coupled with Robust Wet Adhesive Powder: A Novel Approach for Acute Massive Hemorrhage Control in Dynamic and High-Pressure Wound Environments.

The quest for efficient hemostatic agents in emergency medicine is critical, particularly for managing massive hemorrhages in dynamic and high-pressure wound environments. Traditional self-gelling powders, while beneficial due to their ease of application and rapid action, fall short in such challenging conditions. To bridge this gap, the research introduces a novel self-gelling powder that combines ultrafast covalent gelation and robust wet adhesion, presenting a significant advancement in acute hemorrhage control. This ternary system comprises ε-polylysine (ε-PLL) and 4-arm polyethylene glycol succinyl succinate (4-arm-PEG-NHS) forming the hydrogel framework. Na2HPO4 functions as the "H+ sucker" to expedite the amidation reaction, slashing gelation time to under 10 s, crucial for immediate blood loss restriction. Moreover, PEG chains' hydrophilicity facilitates efficient absorption of interfacial blood, increasing the generated hydrogel's cross-linking density and strengthens its tissue bonding, thereby resulting in excellent mechanical and wet adhesion properties. In vitro experiments reveal the optimized formulation's exceptional tissue compliance, procoagulant activity, biocompatibility and antibacterial efficacy. In porcine models of heart injuries and arterial punctures, it outperforms commercial hemostatic agent Celox, confirming its rapid and effective hemostasis. Conclusively, this study presents a transformative approach to hemostasis, offering a reliable and potent solution for the emergency management of massive hemorrhage.

A Fusion Network with Stacked Denoise Autoencoder and Meta Learning for Lateral Walking Gait Phase Recognition and Multi-Step-Ahead Prediction.

Lateral walking gait phase recognition and prediction are the premise of hip exoskeleton application in lateral resistance walk exercise. In this work, we presented a fusion network with stacked denoise autoencoder and meta learning (SDA-NN-ML) to recognize gait phase and predict gait percentage from IMU signals. Experiments were conducted to detect the four lateral walking gait phases and predict their percentage in 10 healthy subjects across different speeds. The performance of SDA-NN-ML and other widely used algorithms including Support Vector Machine (SVM), Adaptive Boosting (AdaBoost) and Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) were evaluated. The cross-subject recognition accuracy of SDA-NN-ML (89.94%) decreased by 4.62% compared to the training accuracy, which outperformed SVM (8.60%), AdaBoost (5.61%), and LSTM (7.12%). For real-time and cross-subject prediction of gait phase percentage, the RMSE of SDA-NN-ML (0.2043) outperformed that of a single regression network (0.2426). With a signal noise ratio of 100:30, the cross-subject recognition accuracy decreased by a mere 5.70%, while the prediction result (RMSE) of SDA-NN-ML increased by 0.0167 when compared to the noise-free results. SDA-NN-ML demonstrates a stable multi-step-ahead prediction ability with an accuracy higher than 82.50% and an RMSE of less than 0.23 when the ahead time is less than 200 ms. The results demonstrated that the proposed method has high accuracy and robust performance in lateral walking gait recognition and prediction.

Iron Stress Affects the Growth and Differentiation of Toxoplasma gondii.

Iron is an indispensable nutrient for the survival of Toxoplasma gondii; however, excessive amounts can lead to toxicity. The parasite must overcome the host's "nutritional immunity" barrier and compete with the host for iron. Since T. gondii can infect most nucleated cells, it encounters increased iron stress during parasitism. This study assessed the impact of iron stress, encompassing both iron depletion and iron accumulation, on the growth of T. gondii. Iron accumulation disrupted the redox balance of T. gondii while enhancing the parasite's ability to adhere in high-iron environments. Conversely, iron depletion promoted the differentiation of tachyzoites into bradyzoites. Proteomic analysis further revealed proteins affected by iron depletion and identified the involvement of phosphotyrosyl phosphatase activator proteins in bradyzoite formation.

Construction of luciferase-expressing Neospora caninum and drug screening.

BACKGROUND: Neospora caninum is an apicomplexan parasite that is particularly responsible for abortions in cattle and neuromuscular disease in dogs. Due to the limited effectiveness of currently available drugs, there is an urgent need for new therapeutic approaches to control neosporosis. Luciferase-based assays are potentially powerful tools in the search for antiprotozoal compounds, permitting the development of faster and more automated assays. The aim of this study was to construct a luciferase-expressing N. caninum and evaluate anti-N. caninum drugs. METHODS: Luciferase-expressing N. caninum (Nc1-Luc) was constructed using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9). After testing the luciferase expression and phenotype of the Nc1-Luc strains, the drug sensitivity of Nc1-Luc strains was determined by treating them with known positive or negative drugs and calculating the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50). The selective pan-rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma (pan-RAF) inhibitor TAK-632 was then evaluated for anti-N. caninum effects using Nc1-Luc by luciferase activity reduction assay and other in vitro and in vivo studies. RESULTS: The phenotypes and drug sensitivity of Nc1-Luc strains were consistent with those of the parental strains Nc1, and Nc1-Luc strains can be used to determine the IC50 for anti-N. caninum drugs. Using the Nc1-Luc strains, TAK-632 showed promising activity against N. caninum, with an IC50 of 0.6131 µM and a selectivity index (SI) of 62.53. In vitro studies demonstrated that TAK-632 inhibited the invasion, proliferation, and division of N. caninum tachyzoites. In vivo studies showed that TAK-632 attenuated the virulence of N. caninum in mice and significantly reduced the parasite burden in the brain. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, a luciferase-expressing N. caninum strain was successfully constructed, which provides an effective tool for drug screening and related research on N. caninum. In addition, TAK-632 was found to inhibit the growth of N. caninum, which could be considered as a candidate lead compound for new therapeutics for neosporosis.

Power-to-Noise Optimization in the Design of Neural Recording Amplifier Based on Current Scaling, Source Degeneration Resistor, and Current Reuse.

This article presents the design of a low-power, low-noise neural signal amplifier for neural recording. The structure reduces the current consumption of the amplifier through current scaling technology and lowers the input-referred noise of the amplifier by combining a source degeneration resistor and current reuse technologies. The amplifier was fabricated using a 0.18 µm CMOS MS RF G process. The results show the front-end amplifier exhibits a measured mid-band gain of 40 dB/46 dB and a bandwidth ranging from 0.54 Hz to 6.1 kHz; the amplifier's input-referred noise was measured to be 3.1 µVrms, consuming a current of 3.8 µA at a supply voltage of 1.8 V, with a Noise Efficiency Factor (NEF) of 2.97. The single amplifier's active silicon area is 0.082 mm2.

Adult-onset congenital intestinal malrotation: A case report and literature review.

BACKGROUND: Intestinal malrotation is an infrequent congenital anomaly primarily observed in neonates, and adult-onset cases are exceedingly rare. Studies on adult congenital intestinal malrotation are limited. METHODS: A case with congenital intestinal malrotation is reported in our study. The clinical data were collected and the treatment process and effect were evaluated. RESULTS: A 45-year-old female who had been experiencing vomiting for over 40 years was admitted to our hospital. According to the result of CT scan, intestinal volvulus accompanied by bowel obstruction was suspected. Then laparoscopic examination was applied to the patient and was ultimately diagnosed with adult congenital intestinal malrotation. We performed Ladd's procedure combined with gastrojejunostomy and Braun anastomosis. The patient recovered well and was successfully discharged from the hospital on the 13th day after surgery. After a 6-month follow-up, the symptom of vomiting was significantly alleviated and body weight was gained for 10 kg. She was very satisfied with the treatment. CONCLUSION: Adult congenital intestinal malrotation is a rare disease that is often misdiagnosed owing to nonspecific clinical manifestations. Therefore, awareness about this condition should be enhanced. Surgery remains the cornerstone of treatment for this disease. Combining gastrojejunostomy and Braun anastomosis with the traditional Ladd procedure can optimize surgical outcomes.

Decoding the complexity of on-target integration: characterizing DNA insertions at the CRISPR-Cas9 targeted locus using nanopore sequencing.

BACKGROUND: CRISPR-Cas9 technology has advanced in vivo gene therapy for disorders like hemophilia A, notably through the successful targeted incorporation of the F8 gene into the Alb locus in hepatocytes, effectively curing this disorder in mice. However, thoroughly evaluating the safety and specificity of this therapy is essential. Our study introduces a novel methodology to analyze complex insertion sequences at the on-target edited locus, utilizing barcoded long-range PCR, CRISPR RNP-mediated deletion of unedited alleles, magnetic bead-based long amplicon enrichment, and nanopore sequencing. RESULTS: We identified the expected F8 insertions and various fragment combinations resulting from the in vivo linearization of the double-cut plasmid donor. Notably, our research is the first to document insertions exceeding ten kbp. We also found that a small proportion of these insertions were derived from sources other than donor plasmids, including Cas9-sgRNA plasmids, genomic DNA fragments, and LINE-1 elements. CONCLUSIONS: Our study presents a robust method for analyzing the complexity of on-target editing, particularly for in vivo long insertions, where donor template integration can be challenging. This work offers a new tool for quality control in gene editing outcomes and underscores the importance of detailed characterization of edited genomic sequences. Our findings have significant implications for enhancing the safety and effectiveness of CRISPR-Cas9 gene therapy in treating various disorders, including hemophilia A.

Low CO2 concentration, a key environmental factor for developing plateau adapted rapeseed.

BACKGROUND: Photosynthesis is a fundamental process that underlies the formation of crop yield, wherein light serves as the driving force and carbon dioxide (CO2) as the raw material. These two factors have a direct influence on the progress and efficiency of photosynthesis in crops. Rapeseed is one of the four major oilseed crops worldwide. Plateau rapeseed has now become a research hotspot. However, the lack of high-yielding rapeseed germplasm resources on the plateau and the highly efficient strategy for screening them severely affect the development of rapeseed industry in plateau. RESULTS: In the rapeseed experimental fields located on the plateau (Lhasa, Tibet), we measured abundant sunlight, characterized by an average daily photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) of 1413 µmol m-2 s-1. In addition, the atmospheric CO2 concentrations range from 300 to 400 ppm, which is only two-thirds of that in the plain (Chengdu, Sichuan). We found that under different measurement conditions of light intensity and CO2 concentration, different rapeseed genotypes showed significant differences in leaf photosynthetic efficiency during the seedling stage. Moreover, the rapeseed materials with high photosynthetic efficiency under low CO2 concentrations rather than high light intensity, exhibited significant advantages in biomass, yield, and oil content when cultivated on the plateau, indicating that the CO2 is the key environmental factor which limited rapeseed production in plateau. Based on photosynthetic efficiency screening under low CO2 concentrations, six rapeseed varieties SC3, SC10, SC25, SC27, SC29 and SC37, shown significantly higher yields in plateau environment compared to local control variety were obtained. In addition, the adaptability of rapeseed to plateau was found to be related to the activities of key Calvin cycle enzymes and the accumulation of photosynthetic products. CONCLUSIONS: This study established a screening strategy for plateau high-yielding rapeseed materials, obtained six varieties which were suitable for plateau cultivation, explored the mechanism of rapeseed response to the plateau environment, and thus provides a feasible strategy for plateau-adapted rapeseed breeding.

Distinguishing G-Quadruplexes Stabilizer and Chaperone for c-MYC Promoter G-Quadruplexes through Single-Molecule Manipulation.

G-quadruplex (G4) selective stabilizing ligands can regulate c-MYC gene expression, but the kinetic basis remains unclear. Determining the effects of ligands on c-MYC promoter G4s' folding/unfolding kinetics is challenging due to the polymorphic nature of G4s and the high energy barrier to unfold c-MYC promoter G4s. Here, we used single-molecule magnetic tweezers to manipulate a duplex hairpin containing a c-MYC promoter sequence to mimic the transiently denatured duplex during transcription. We measured the effects of six commonly used G4s binding ligands on the competition between quadruplex and duplex structures, as well as the folding/unfolding kinetics of G4s. Our results revealed two distinct roles for G4s selective stabilization: CX-5461 is mainly acting as c-MYC G4s stabilizer, reducing the unfolding rate (ku) of c-MYC G4s, whereas PDS and 360A also act as G4s chaperone, accelerating the folding rates (kf) of c-MYC G4s. qRT-PCR results obtained from CA46 and Raji cell lines demonstrated that G4s stabilizing ligands can downregulate c-MYC expression, while G4s stabilizer CX-5461 exhibited the strongest c-MYC gene suppression. These results shed light on the potential of manipulating G4s' folding/unfolding kinetics by ligands for precise regulation of promoter G4-associated biological activities.

Advancing homogeneous networking principles for the development of fatigue-resistant, low-swelling and sprayable hydrogels for sealing wet, dynamic and concealed wounds in vivo.

Effective sealing of wet, dynamic and concealed wounds remains a formidable challenge in clinical practice. Sprayable hydrogel sealants are promising due to their ability to cover a wide area rapidly, but they face limitations in dynamic and moist environments. To address this issue, we have employed the principle of a homogeneous network to design a sprayable hydrogel sealant with enhanced fatigue resistance and reduced swelling. This network is formed by combining the spherical structure of lysozyme (LZM) with the orthotetrahedral structure of 4-arm-polyethylene glycol (4-arm-PEG). We have achieved exceptional sprayability by controlling the pH of the precursor solution. The homogeneous network, constructed through uniform cross-linking of amino groups in protein and 4-arm-PEG-NHS, provides the hydrogel with outstanding fatigue resistance, low swelling and sustained adhesion. In vitro testing demonstrated that it could endure 2000 cycles of underwater shearing, while in vivo experiments showed adhesion maintenance exceeding 24 h. Furthermore, the hydrogel excelled in sealing leaks and promoting ulcer healing in models including porcine cardiac hemorrhage, lung air leakage and rat oral ulcers, surpassing commonly used clinical materials. Therefore, our research presents an advanced biomaterial strategy with the potential to advance the clinical management of wet, dynamic and concealed wounds.

MR Elastography: Practical Questions, From the AJR Special Series on Imaging of Fibrosis.

MR elastography (MRE), first described in 1995 and FDA-cleared in 2009, has emerged as an important tool for noninvasively detecting and staging liver fibrosis in patients with known or suspected chronic liver disease. This review focuses on a series of practical questions about the clinical use of MRE. Most head-to-head comparison studies with other laboratory and imaging-based tests have concluded that MRE has the highest diagnostic performance among tests for staging liver fibrosis. Limitations in the accuracy of biopsy as a standard of truth in staging liver fibrosis are increasingly being recognized. MRE-based measurements show promise as quantitative surrogates of disease severity and predictors of important clinical outcomes. The appropriate role of MRE in the management of patients with chronic liver disease is being actively incorporated into recognized clinical guidelines. Growing evidence shows that MRI measurement of elevated liver fat is the most important single biomarker for detecting nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and that MRE-based liver stiffness is the most important single biomarker for detecting at-risk NASH (i.e., NASH with stage ≥ F2 fibrosis). Advances in MRE technology are offering higher precision and new biomarkers, which have potential to allow independent assessment of inflammation and other histologic processes in addition to fibrosis.

Postprandial splenic stiffness changes on magnetic resonance elastography in a young healthy population.

Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) is an accurate noninvasive diagnostic tool for assessing the stiffness of parenchymal organs, including the spleen. However, this measurement may be biased due to postprandial changes in splenic stiffness. The aim of the current study was to evaluate postprandial changes in spleen stiffness assessed by MRE in a large sample of healthy volunteers. This was a prospective institutional research ethics board-approved study. Healthy volunteers with no history of liver disease were recruited for an MRE test and blood draw from December 2018 to July 2019. Each participant underwent spleen MRE after at least 4 h of fasting and again 30 min after a 1000 kcal meal. Also, 14 randomly selected volunteers underwent additional MRE examinations at 1.5 and 2.5 h after food intake. The MRE data were acquired at 60 Hz using a 1.5-T MRI scanner. The spleen stiffness was assessed using a weighted mean of stiffness values from regions of interest manually drawn on three to five spleen slices. Spearman's rank correlation, Wilcoxon signed-rank, Friedman, and Mann-Whitney tests were used for statistical analysis. A total of 100 volunteers met the inclusion criteria and were eventually enrolled in this study (age 23 ± 2 years; 65 women). The mean spleen stiffness for the whole group increased by 7.9% (p < 0.001) from the mean ± SD value of 5.09 ± 0.63 (95% CI: 4.96-5.21) kPa in the fasting state to 5.47 ± 0.66 (95% CI 5.34-5.60) kPa 30 min after the meal and then gradually decreased. However, even 2 h 30 min after the meal, the spleen stiffness was higher than in the fasting state. This difference was statistically significant at p less than 0.001. It was concluded that meal intake results in a statistically significant elevation of spleen stiffness that persists for 2.5 h. This finding supports the recommendation for routine fasting for more than 2.5 h prior to assessing MRE-based spleen stiffness.

Age differences in the impact of dietary salt on metabolism, blood pressure and cognitive function in male rats.

The influence of salt consumption on physiological processes, especially blood pressure (BP), metabolism, and cognition, remains a topical concern. While guidelines endorse reduced salt diets, there are gaps in understanding the age-specific implications and challenges in adherence. The present study delved into the differential effects of salt intake on young adult and aged male rats over a 12-week period, using control, low-, and high-salt diets. Key metrics, such as BP, cognition, and general parameters, were monitored. Our findings revealed significant age-dependent effects of salt intake on survival rates, body weight, blood sodium, blood glucose, blood lipids, BP, heart rates, and cognition. Notably, young adult rats did not show significant sodium level changes on a high-salt diet, whereas aged rats experienced increased sodium levels even on a normal salt diet. Blood glucose levels decreased significantly in aged rats on a high-salt diet but remained stable in young adults. Aged rats had the highest survival rates on low-salt diets. Low-salt diets led to reduced BP in both age groups, more significantly in young adults. Young adult rats displayed increased BP variability on both high- and low-salt diets, while a decrease in BP variability was exclusive to aged rats on a low-salt diet. There were significant differences across age groups in short-term memory, but not in long-term memory. The study provides a nuanced understanding of the age-dependent physiological effects of salt intake, suggesting the necessity of age-specific guidelines for public health.

Endothelium-Mimicking Bilayer Vascular Grafts with Dual-Releasing of NO/H2S for Anti-Inflammation and Anticalcification.

Vascular complications caused by diabetes impair the activities of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE), resulting in decreased physiological levels of nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S). The low bioavailability of NO and H2S hinders the endothelialization of vascular grafts. In this study, endothelium-mimicking bilayer vascular grafts were designed with spatiotemporally controlled dual releases of NO and H2S for in situ endothelialization and angiogenesis. Keratin-based H2S donor was synthesized and electrospun with poly(l-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) (PLCL) as the outer layer of the graft to release H2S. Hyaluronic acid, one of the major glycosaminoglycans in endothelial glycocalyx, was complexed with Cu ions as the inner layer to mimic glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and maintain long-term physiological NO flux. The synergistic effects of NO and H2S of bilayer grafts selectively promoted the regeneration and migration of human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs), while inhibiting the overproliferation of human umbilical artery smooth muscle cells (HUASMCs). Bilayer grafts could effectively prevent vascular calcification, reduce inflammation, and alleviate endothelial dysfunction. The in vivo study in a rat abdominal aorta replacement model for 1 month showed that the graft had a good patency rate and had potential for vascular remodeling in situ.

The uniaxial zero thermal expansion and zero linear compressibility in distorted Prussian blue analogue RbCuCo(CN)6.

The uniaxial zero thermal expansion (ZTE) in distorted Prussian blue analogue (PBA) RbCuCo(CN)6 is reproduced by employing first-principles calculations, which agrees well with the experimental data. Also, the zero linear compressibility (ZLC) behavior in RbCuCo(CN)6 can be found. The special Jahn-Teller distortion introduced by Cu2+ in RbCuCo(CN)6 is noticed by investigating the change of the local structure with temperature and hydrostatic pressure. The lattice thermal conductivity (LTC) and phonon group velocity of RbCuCo(CN)6 are studied, where the LTC and phonon group velocity are significantly anisotropic. Especially, RbCuCo(CN)6 exhibits a quite low LTC, and its c-axis shows a characteristic of glasslike LTC at low temperatures. Our work facilitates a deep understanding of the coexistence mechanisms of uniaxial ZTE and ZLC properties in RbCuCo(CN)6.

The molecular mechanism of neutrophil extracellular traps and its role in bone and joint disease.

As the body's first line of defense, neutrophils play an important role in the early stages of infection. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), a novel way to kill pathogens, are released from activated neutrophils to trap and kill microorganisms and protect the body from invasion. However, studies have shown that NETs not only play a role in self-defense in vivo but also participate in some pathological processes. Current studies have found that excessive or abnormally activated NETs play a pathogenic role in a variety of diseases. NETs, in addition to killing pathogens during the pathology of sepsis, affect on coagulation function, and blood endothelium. Additionally, NETs have a wide range of effects in other inflammatory, immune, and other related diseases. NETs are involved in the pathology of atherosclerosis. NETs also play a role in systemic lupus erythematosus, diabetes mellitus, Alzheimer's disease, and tumors, but there are relatively few NETs studies on bone and joint diseases. This article discusses NETs, their formation, and their association with bone and joint disorders. New targets for the effective treatment of joint diseases may be identified by studying the relationship between NETs and bone and joint diseases.